Crime mappingCrime mapping is used by analysts in
law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. It is a key component of
crime analysis and the
CompStat policing strategy. Mapping crime, using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns.
OverviewUsing GIS, crime analysts can overlay other datasets such as
census demographics, locations of
pawn shops, schools, etc., to better understand the underlying causes of
crime and help
law enforcement administrators to devise strategies to deal with the problem. GIS is also useful for law enforcement operations, such as allocating police officers and dispatching to
emergencies.
Underlying theories that help explain spatial behavior of criminals include
environmental criminology, which was devised in the
1980s by Patricia and Paul Brantingham,
routine activity theory, developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson and originally published in
1979, and
rational choice theory, developed by Ronald V. Clarke and Derek Cornish, originally published in
1986. In recent years, crime mapping and analysis has incorporated spatial data analysis techniques that add
statistical rigor and address inherent limitations of spatial data, including spatial
autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial data analysis helps one analyze crime data and better understand why and not just where crime is occurring.
Applications of crime mappingCrime analysts use crime mapping and analysis to help law enforcement management (e.g. the police chief) to make better decisions, target resources, and formulate strategies, as well as for tactical analysis (e.g. crime forecasting,
geographic profiling).
New York City does this through the
CompStat approach, though that way of thinking deals more with the short term. There are other, related approaches with terms including Information-led policing, Intelligence-led policing,
Problem-oriented policing, and
Community policing. In some law enforcement agencies, crime analysts work in civilian positions, while in other agencies, crime analysts are sworn officers.
From a research and
policy perspective, crime mapping is used to understand patterns of
incarceration and
recidivism, help target resources and programs, evaluate
crime prevention or crime reduction programs (e.g. Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed & Seed and as proposed in
Fixing Broken Windows), and further understanding of causes of crime.
See alsoPublic Participation GISExternal linksMapping & Analysis for Public Safety (MAPS) - National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
Crime Mapping & Analysis Program - National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)
Jill Dando Institute of Crime ScienceInternational Association of Crime Analysts